Assessment of nano-hydroxyapatite and poly (lactide-co-glycolide) nanocomposite microspheres fabricated by novel airflow shearing technique for in vivo bone repair.

A novel airflow shearing method was introduced to prepare microspheres efficiently with precisely control of microsphere size and homogeneity. The effects of technical parameters in the formation of the microspheres, such as solution concentration, nozzle size and airflow strength, were investigated. By optimizing the technical parameters (8% PLGA concentration, 27-32 G nozzle size, 6-8 l/min airflow strength), nano-hydroxyapatite and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanocomposite (nHA/PLGA) microspheres with a diameter around 250 µm and up to 40 wt% nHA content was prepared successfully. Especially, the microspheres possessed revealed great homogeneity and unique "acorn" appearance with two sides: A hard smooth side as well as a crumpled rough side, generated in the preparation process. Furthermore, the nHA/PLGA microspheres' potential application in bone tissue engineering was studied. In vitro, enhanced proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of the MC3T3-E1 cells was observed on as-prepared nHA/PLGA microspheres with high nHA content. In vivo, the BV/TV value of the microspheres with 20 wt% nHA was up to 75% and similar to the clinical products' performance. Moreover, beside high nHA content, the rough porous surface leads to bone ingrowth, which plays an important role in accelerating bone repair. Therefore, airflow shearing method could be an effective approach to fabricate biocompatible microsphere, and the as-prepared microspheres showed unique surface state and bone repair ability and making them as potential candidates for bone tissue engineering and bone implantation clinical applications.

Effect of sera from chronic urticaria patients with anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies on the release of histamine by human mast cells / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between anti-Helicobacter pylori (Hp) antibodies and development of chronic urticaria (CU).Methods Fifty CU patients with positive 13C-urea breath test and anti-Hp antibodies,as well as 50 healthy human controls were recruited in this study.Serum samples were collected from all the subjects.The samples from the patients were subjected to tests for anti-high affinity IgE receptor (anti-FcεRI) and-IgE antibodies.Human mast cells (HMCs) were classified into several parts to be incubated with the sera of patients with CU,the sera of healthy controls with anti-IgE and-FcεRI antibodies respectively for 20 minutes.Those incubated with the sera of healthy controls without these antibodies served as the control.Subsequently,the levels of histamine released by HMCs were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results The sera of CU patients showed a stronger ability to activate HMCs to release histamine than those of healthy controls ((3.13 ± 0.93) μg/L vs (2.92 ± 0.75) μg/L,t =2.39,P ＜ 0.05).Anti-FcεRI antibodies were detected in 4 patients,and antiIgE antibodies in 3 patients.A significant increase was observed in the levels of histamine released by HMCs incubated with anti-FcεRI antibody-positive and anti-IgE antibody-positive patient-derived sera (t =4.82,6.34,respectively,both P ＜ 0.01),but not in those incubated with patient-derived sera only positive for anti-Hp antibodies (t =1.74,P ＞ 0.05) compared with those incubated with healthy control-derived sera.In comparison with the antibody-free healthy control-derived sera,those with anti-Hp IgG antibodies showed no significant effect on the release of histamines by HMCs (t =1.95,P ＞ 0.05),whereas those with anti-FcεRI antibodies and anti-IgE antibodies exhibited an obvious promoting effect (t =3.72,3.02,respectively,both P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The anti-Hp antibodies appears to have no role in the pathogenesis of CU,but the presence of anti-FcεRI and anti-IgE antibodies may contribute to the initiation of CU in patients with Hp infection.

Correlations between Anti-Mast Cell Autoantibodies and Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria

BACKGROUND: The etiology of chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU) is not completely clear. There are a few antibodies were reported to correlate with CIU. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation these antibodies and CIU. METHODS: The autologous serum skin test (ASST) and allergens were performed. Serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), anti-FcepsilonRI and anti-IgE, anti-Helicobacter pylori (HP) antibodies and anti-thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb) were measured in 100 patients with CIU, acute urticaria (AU) and normal controls respectively. RESULTS: Eighty-six percent food or inhalant allergens were detected in AU patients, but no allergens were detected in CIU patients and normal controls. Serum anti-FcepsilonRI antibody and anti-IgE antibody levels were higher in the CIU than that in the AU patients and normal controls (p<0.05, respectively). IgE level was lower in the CIU patients (T=190.00, p< 0.05), but increased in the AU patients (T=226.00, p<0.05) compared with the normal controls. The ASST positive rates in the CIU and the AU patients were 53.4% and 12.6% respectively, but all normal controls were negative. The anti-FcepsilonRI antibody level was higher in the ASST-positive CIU patients than those negative ones (T=101.73, p<0.05). In anti-HP antibody positive and TGAb positive CIU patients, anti-FcepsilonRI antibody positive rate was higher than AU patients (p<0.01) and normal controls (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The anti-FcepsilonRI and anti-IgE antibodies play a key role in CIU, but anti-HP antibody and TGAb have an indirect correlation with CIU.

Correlations between interrelated autoantibodies and the development of chronic idiopathic urticaria / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To estimate the correlations between chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU) development and interrelated autoantibodies,including anti-high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor (anti-FcεRI) antibody,anti-immunoglobulin E (anti-IgE) antibody,anti-Helicobacter pylori (HP) antibody and antithyroglobulin antibody (TGAb).Methods This study included 100 patients with CIU,100 patients with acute urticaria (AU) and 100 healthy controls.Autologous serum skin test (ASST) was performed and allergens were detected by fluorescence-based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in each subject.Serum levels of total IgE,anti-FcεRI antibody,anti-IgE antibody,anti-HP antibody and TGAb were measured.Chi-square test,analysis of variance,and Wilcoxon rank sum test were conducted for statistical analysis.Results The positivity rate of ASST was 53％,12％ and 0 respectively in patients with CIU,patients with AU and healthy controls,respectively.Food or inhalant allergens were detected in 86％ of the patients with AU,but not detected in any of the patients with CIU or healthy controls.Patients with CIU showed significantly higher levels of anti-FcεRI antibody and anti-IgE antibody compared with patients with AU and healthy controls (all P ＜ 0.05).The serum IgE level in healthy controls was statistically lower than that in patients with AU (T =226.00,P ＜ 0.05),but higher than that in patients with CIU (T =190.00,P ＜ 0.05).ASST-positive patients with CIU had a higher level of serum anti-FcεRI antibody (T =101.73,P ＜ 0.05),but a similar level of serum anti-IgE antibody compared with ASST-negative patients with CIU (T =312.04,P ＞ 0.05).No significant differences were observed in the positivity rate of anti-HP antibody (29％,19％ and 23％,P ＞ 0.05) or TGAb (18％,15％ and 11％,P ＞ 0.05) between the patients with CIU,patients with AU and healthy controls.Both anti-HP antibody-positive patients and TGAb-positive patients with CIU showed a significantly higher positivity rate of anti-FcεRI antibody (all P ＜ 0.01),but a similar positivity rate of anti-IgE antibody compared with the patients with AU and healthy controls (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Anti-FcεRI antibody and anti-IgE antibody are present in patients with CIU,and may play a certain role in the pathogenesis of CIU.

Influence of B lymphocyte stimulator on the production of anti-FcεRI and anti-IgE antibodies by B lymphocytes from patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To explore if B lymphocyte stimulator (BlyS) stimulates B lymphocytes from patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU) to produce anti-high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) or anti-IgE antibodies.Methods Totally,300 CIU patients and 300 health controls were enrolled in this study.Blood samples were obtained from these subjects.Peripheral blood B lymphocytes were isolated and cultured in vitro for 72 hours.Then,BlyS of various concentrations (2,4,8,16 ng/ml) was added to the culture medium of B lymphocytes followed by another 72-hour culture.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine the serum levels of BlyS,anti-FcεRI and anti-IgE antibodies,as well as the supernatant levels of anti-FcεRI and anti-IgE antibodies.The relationship between BlyS and anti-FcεRI and anti-IgE antibody production was assessed.SPSS software version 16.0 was used for statistical analysis.Chi-square test was performed to compare the positivity rate of antibodies,and analysis of variance and least significance difference-t test to assess numerical data.Results The CIU patients showed higher levels of serum BlyS (t =3.04,P ＜ 0.01),anti-FcεRI antibodies (t =3.51,P ＜ 0.01),and anti-IgE antibodies (t =3.29,P ＜ 0.01) compared with the health controls.The serum level of BlyS was positively correlated with that of anti-FcεRI antibodies (r =0.93,P ＜ 0.01) and anti-IgE antibodies (r =0.91,P ＜ 0.01).The levels of anti-FcεRI antibodies and anti-IgE antibodies were significantly increased in the culture supematant of patient-derived B lymphocytes treated with BlyS compared with those remaining untreated (t =3.67,3.56,respectively,both P ＜ 0.01),and the concentration of BlyS was positively correlated with the levels of both anti-FcεRI antibodies and anti-IgE antibodies (r =0.96,0.91,respectively,both P ＜ 0.01).The coincidence rate between the serum and supernatant was 94.76％ and 87.84％ in the detection of anti-FcεRI antibodies and anti-IgE antibodies respectively.Conclusions BlyS level is upregulated in the serum of patients with CIU,which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CIU by stimulating B lymphocytes to produce anti-FcεRI antibodies or anti-IgE antibodies.

Serial Processing of Exogenous and Endogenous Information Conflicts in Human Brain / 中国康复理论与实践

@# Objective To investigate the cortical activities for processing exogenous stimulus-related information conflict and endogenous mental-related information conflict.Methods Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while 15 healthy subjects performed a digit matching task. Each trial consisted of two sequentially presented digits (S1～S2), where S2 was either the same as S1 (S-) or different from S1 (S+) in digital value. Subjects pressed a button of a push-pad when S2 was the same as S1 and pressed the other button when S2 was different from S1 in the first session. Furtherly, they were required to calculate the difference between S1 and S2, and compare their calculation result with digit '3' in the second session. They pressed a button when the calculation result was equal to '3' (M-) and pressed the other button when it was not (M+). Three trial types were included: same numbers but their difference was not equal to '3' (S-M+), different numbers but their difference was '3' (S+M-) and different numbers but their difference was not '3' (S+M+). Results Following S2 onset, a component N270 was broadly elicited at all the scalps by S+, S+M- and S-M+. N270 and N400 were elicited in series by S+M+. The maximal amplitude of N270 was at the posterior scalp while the maximal amplitude of the N400 was at the central areas. Conclusion The different spatio-temporal distributions of the two negative potentials suggested that exogenous and endogenous information conflicts were serially processed in the human brain by the conflict processing system of multiple neural substrates.

Dynamic Process of Visual Change Detection in Human Brain:an ERP Study / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore the spatio-temporal dynamics of brain mechanisms in visual change detection by 256-channel event-related potential (ERP) and low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) analyses.Methods：ERP were recorded in 12 healthy participants during performing an S1-S2 matching task.Visual stimuli defined by color and shape.Each trial consisted of two sequentially presented stimuli (S1 and S2),where S2 was either the same as S1,different from S1 in shape only,different in color only,or different in both color and shape.Subjects matched the stimuli according to task demands：attending to color and attending to shape.Result：Change condition elicited change-related positivity (CRP) ranging 135～165 ms.The estimated source regions contributing to CRP were lingual gyrus and cuneus of occipital lobe.N200 was elicited in no change and task-irrelevant change condition ranging 235～275 ms.The source for N200 was in the right temporal fusiform gyrus,middle temporal gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus.In the time window of 240～320 ms,N270 was elicited in all change conditions.The N270 source was localizable to the anterior cingulated cortex and amygdala.Conclusion：In the early stage,CRP reflects the preattentive processing of visual changes.The LORETA result confirms that CRP is generated in the early visual areas.N200 may be related to the active ignored processing of task-irrelevant change.The source for N200 is in the right temporal fusiform gyrus,middle temporal gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus.In the late stage,N270 reflects the advanced processing of visual change in the human brain.The N270 source may be in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and amygdala.